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'''Lifesteal''' is a mechanic which heals a player by a portion of the damage they deal to an opponent. There are two main types of lifesteal, each with an associated [[stats|stat]]: {{plink|Bullet Lifesteal}}, which returns a portion of the [[Bullet Damage|bullet damage]] dealt, and {{plink|Spirit Lifesteal}}, which returns a portion of the [[Spirit Damage|spirit damage]] dealt. Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are calculated identically, but are affected by different [[item|items]].

== Formula ==
Despite being presented in-game as +X% Bullet/Spirit Lifesteal, different sources of lifesteal stack multiplicatively, not additively. With <math>n</math> different sources of the same category of lifesteal, final lifesteal <math>L_F</math> is given by:

<math>L_F = 1 - \prod_{i=1}^n (1 - L_i)</math><br/><!--this is rounded, but the game displays two different calculations where one is rounded up, and the other is rounded down--> 

where <math>L_i</math> is the lifesteal provided by the <math>i</math>th source. Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are calculated independently of each other, but both use the same formula.

=== Lifesteal vs. Creeps ===
Lifesteal against creeps (non-hero units) is reduced compared to heroes:
* Bullet Lifesteal vs. creeps: 60% of the calculated value
* Spirit Lifesteal vs. creeps: 40% of the calculated value

=== Example ===
With 22% Bullet Lifesteal from {{item|Fury Trance}} and 30% Bullet Lifesteal from {{item|Leech}}, the player's final bullet lifesteal is:

<math>L_F = 1 - (1 - 0.22) \times (1 - 0.30) = 45.4%</math><!--the stat ingame says 45%-->

This means that any time the player deals bullet damage to any opponent, they will immediately be healed by 45.4% of the damage dealt. Note that the in-game user interface is inconsistent in how it rounds the final lifesteal percentage.

== Bullet Lifesteal ==
Bullet Lifesteal returns a percentage of all outgoing [[Bullet Damage|bullet damage]] to the player as health.

=== Sources ===
{{Item stat table|Bullet Lifesteal}}

== Spirit Lifesteal ==
Spirit Lifesteal returns a percentage of all outgoing [[Spirit Damage|spirit damage]] to the player as health.

=== Sources ===
{{Item stat table|Spirit Lifesteal}}

=== Soul Shredder Bullets ===
The debuff applied to opponents by {{item|Spirit Shredder Bullets}} behaves differently from all other lifesteal items. It does not affect the user's Spirit Lifesteal stat, nor is it factored into the formula above; instead, it ''adds'' a flat +8% spirit lifesteal against an affected target while the debuff is active. For example, if a player has Spirit Shredder Bullets, {{item|Spirit Lifesteal}} (+16%), and {{item|Leech}} (+30%), their spirit lifesteal against a target affected by Soul Shredder Bullets would be:

<math>L_F = [1 - (1 - 0.16) \times (1 - 0.30)] + 0.08 = 49.2%</math>

Their spirit lifesteal against a target not affected by Soul Shredder Bullets would instead be 41.2% (equal to their Spirit Lifesteal stat).

== Melee Lifesteal ==
{{main|Melee Lifesteal|Lifestrike}}

Melee Lifesteal is not a stat. The item {{item|Melee Lifesteal}} and its upgrade {{item|Lifestrike}} both provide a passive ability which heals the user by a percentage of their [[Melee Damage|melee damage]] dealt, but they behave differently from Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal. These abilities activate for one melee attack, then go on cooldown for several seconds, during which no further health can be regained from melee attacks; Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are always active and have no associated cooldowns. These items also grant a flat healing bonus on activation, and are less effective against non-[[hero|heroes]], neither of which is true of Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal.

{{Stats}}
[[Category:Stats]]
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Lifesteal''' is a mechanic which heals a player by a portion of the damage they deal to an opponent. There are two main types of lifesteal, each with an associated [[stats|stat]]: {{plink|Bullet Lifesteal|pic=AttributeIconBulletLifesteal}}, which returns a portion of the [[Bullet Damage|bullet damage]] dealt, and {{plink|Spirit Lifesteal|pic=AttributeIconSpiritLifesteal}}, which returns a portion of the [[Spirit Damage|spirit damage]] dealt. Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are calculated independently, but use the same formula.
+'''Lifesteal''' is a mechanic which heals a player by a portion of the damage they deal to an opponent. There are two main types of lifesteal, each with an associated [[stats|stat]]: {{plink|Bullet Lifesteal}}, which returns a portion of the [[Bullet Damage|bullet damage]] dealt, and {{plink|Spirit Lifesteal}}, which returns a portion of the [[Spirit Damage|spirit damage]] dealt. Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are calculated identically, but are affected by different [[item|items]].
-== Calculation ==
+== Formula ==
-While lifesteal is shown as a percentage (like +20%), different sources of lifesteal do not simply add together. Instead, they stack '''multiplicatively'''. This means that as you gain more sources of lifesteal, each new item is slightly less effective than the last.
+Despite being presented in-game as +X% Bullet/Spirit Lifesteal, different sources of lifesteal stack multiplicatively, not additively. With <math>n</math> different sources of the same category of lifesteal, final lifesteal <math>L_F</math> is given by:
-To calculate your final lifesteal, you can use the following formula:
+<math>L_F = 1 - \prod_{i=1}^n (1 - L_i)</math><br/><!--this is rounded, but the game displays two different calculations where one is rounded up, and the other is rounded down-->
-<math>\text{Total Lifesteal} = 1 - (1 - L_1) \times (1 - L_2) \times (1 - L_3) \dots</math>
+where <math>L_i</math> is the lifesteal provided by the <math>i</math>th source. Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are calculated independently of each other, but both use the same formula.
-(Where <math>L</math> is the lifesteal value of each source expressed as a decimal, e.g., 0.20 for 20%).
+=== Lifesteal vs. Creeps ===
+Lifesteal against creeps (non-hero units) is reduced compared to heroes:
+* Bullet Lifesteal vs. creeps: 60% of the calculated value
+* Spirit Lifesteal vs. creeps: 40% of the calculated value
 === Example ===
-If you have 22% Bullet Lifesteal from {{item|Fury Trance}} and 30% Bullet Lifesteal from {{item|Leech}}, your lifesteal is calculated as follows:
+With 22% Bullet Lifesteal from {{item|Fury Trance}} and 30% Bullet Lifesteal from {{item|Leech}}, the player's final bullet lifesteal is:
-# Convert the percentages to decimals: '''0.22''' and '''0.30'''.
-# Subtract each from 1: (1 - 0.22) = '''0.78''' and (1 - 0.30) = '''0.70'''.
-# Multiply those results together: 0.78 × 0.70 = '''0.546'''.
-# Subtract that result from 1: 1 - 0.546 = '''0.454'''.
-# Your final Bullet Lifesteal is '''45.4%'''.
-Note: The in-game user interface is inconsistent with rounding, so it may display as 45% or 46%.
+<math>L_F = 1 - (1 - 0.22) \times (1 - 0.30) = 45.4%</math><!--the stat ingame says 45%-->
-=== Lifesteal vs. Creeps ===
+This means that any time the player deals bullet damage to any opponent, they will immediately be healed by 45.4% of the damage dealt. Note that the in-game user interface is inconsistent in how it rounds the final lifesteal percentage.
-Lifesteal against creeps (non-hero units) is reduced compared to heroes:
-* '''Bullet Lifesteal vs. creeps:''' 60% effectiveness (e.g., 10% lifesteal becomes 6%).
-* '''Spirit Lifesteal vs. creeps:''' 40% effectiveness (e.g., 10% lifesteal becomes 4%).
 == Bullet Lifesteal ==
 Bullet Lifesteal returns a percentage of all outgoing [[Bullet Damage|bullet damage]] to the player as health.
-{{HeroIcon|Graves}} has {{#invoke:HeroData|get_hero_var|hero_necro|BulletLifesteal|3}}% innate Bullet Lifesteal.
 === Sources ===
 {{Item stat table|Bullet Lifesteal}}
-=== Hero Abilities ===
-The following abilities provide Lifesteal:
-{{AbilityTable|lifesteal}}
-Abilities that deal weapon damage also provide heal from Bullet Lifesteal. Here are all of the relevant abilities:
-{{AbilityTable|weapondamage}}
 == Spirit Lifesteal ==
@@ Line 48: / Line 31: @@
 === Sources ===
 {{Item stat table|Spirit Lifesteal}}
+=== Soul Shredder Bullets ===
+The debuff applied to opponents by {{item|Spirit Shredder Bullets}} behaves differently from all other lifesteal items. It does not affect the user's Spirit Lifesteal stat, nor is it factored into the formula above; instead, it ''adds'' a flat +8% spirit lifesteal against an affected target while the debuff is active. For example, if a player has Spirit Shredder Bullets, {{item|Spirit Lifesteal}} (+16%), and {{item|Leech}} (+30%), their spirit lifesteal against a target affected by Soul Shredder Bullets would be:
+<math>L_F = [1 - (1 - 0.16) \times (1 - 0.30)] + 0.08 = 49.2%</math>
+Their spirit lifesteal against a target not affected by Soul Shredder Bullets would instead be 41.2% (equal to their Spirit Lifesteal stat).
 == Melee Lifesteal ==
 {{main|Melee Lifesteal|Lifestrike}}
-Melee Lifesteal is provided by abilities such as {{AbilityIcon|Abrams}}' {{AbilityIcon|Infernal Resilience}} and {{AbilityIcon|Apollo}}'s {{AbilityIcon|Riposte}}, and heals for a percentage of melee damage dealt. It functions the same as other Lifesteal effects and has 40% effectiveness against creeps.
+Melee Lifesteal is not a stat. The item {{item|Melee Lifesteal}} and its upgrade {{item|Lifestrike}} both provide a passive ability which heals the user by a percentage of their [[Melee Damage|melee damage]] dealt, but they behave differently from Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal. These abilities activate for one melee attack, then go on cooldown for several seconds, during which no further health can be regained from melee attacks; Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are always active and have no associated cooldowns. These items also grant a flat healing bonus on activation, and are less effective against non-[[hero|heroes]], neither of which is true of Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal.
-The item {{item|Melee Lifesteal}} and its upgrade {{item|Lifestrike}} both provide a passive ability which heals the user by a percentage of their [[Melee Damage|melee damage]] dealt, but they behave differently from Lifesteal.
-These abilities activate for one melee attack, then go on cooldown for several seconds, during which no further health can be regained from melee attacks. In contrast, Bullet and Spirit Lifesteal are always active and have no cooldowns. These items also grant a flat healing bonus on activation, and are less effective against non-[[hero|heroes]].
 {{Stats}}
 [[Category:Stats]]